The sclerotia can survive for a few years in soil. 1975; Armstrong et al. The primers used in the fungal analyses presented here were specifically designed; were composed of three, four, or five base-pair repeat motifs; and were approximately 15–20 base pairs long. Using the information we obtained about the genetic structure of C. formosus populations, we were able to address several issues relevant to biodiversity studies, including: (1) whether a cluster of sporocarps represents a single individual; (2) how individual genotypes are distributed spatially; and (3) whether adjacent sporocarps are clones. Arthroconidia are a result of segmentation of hyphal cells at the septa and are readily identifiable in histologic sections or cytologic preparations as rectangular conidia in more or less linear arrangements. These include Deuteromycotina, Deuteromycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, asexual fungi, conidial fungi, and anamorphic fungi. Those disorders have been linked to the presence of specific toxins or contaminants produced by anamorphic fungi (especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium) in food (Rand 1996). This situation will become less problematic as the results of molecular characterization and their application to fungal systematics become more widespread. The majority of infectious mycopathogens of aquatic animals are species of the phyla Oomycetes (Chromista) and Chytridiomycota (Fungi) (Alderman 1982; Post 1983; Roberts 1989; Rand 1996). Vegetative Oo hyphae are unpigmented, narrow and parallel-walled, septate, and branched. However, since that time the systematics of the group has largely depended on aspects of the conidiogenous processes exhibited by the fungi involved. 1996; Gomez et al. has been demonstrated with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) analysis (Arisan-Atac et al.
DNA methods have brought additional valuable criteria to the taxonomy of Trichoderma which are used today for studies that include identification (Hermosa et al. The information compiled from DNA analysis to date is of great interest in the search for new genes with biotechnological potential. [3] An unfortunate effect of the simplification was that many name changes had to be made, including for some well-known and economically important species; at that date, the conservation of species names was not allowed under the Code. Phylogenetic studies have also shown that within genera or even species these different structures may occur and therefore these, sometimes distinct, morphological structures cannot be used for distinguishing genera or even species. It is essential for workers in plant pathology, mold identification, medical mycology, and food microbiology, fields in which asexually reproducing fungi are commonly encountered. Arbitrarily primed polymerase-chain-reaction amplifications of a dilution series of DNA of Colletotrichum magna. 2) of 46 different species pertaining to the sections Trichoderma, Pachybasium and Longibrachiatum (Kullnig-Gradinger et al.
Roberto Nascimento Silva, ... Valdirene Neves Monteiro, in Biotechnology and Biology of Trichoderma, 2014. Mainly on Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Leguminosae. Some species of Trichoderma are also able to degrade toxic organic compounds such as organochlorine pesticides (DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan, pentachloronitrobenzene, and pentachlorophenol) (Katayama et al., 2001) and are able to survive in the presence of high concentrations of metals (copper, zinc, and cadmium) (Lopez Errasquin and Vazquez, 2003). However, its phylogenetic position (including the phylum to which it belongs) is now in dispute (see Ragan et al. 2000; Muthumeenakshi et al. 1989; Geiser et al. Through progress in biochemistry and molecular genetics—particularly the “omics” sciences, the analysis of high-throughput gene expression data, and comparisons of Trichoderma genomes and metabolism, a better understanding of the evolution, biology, and physiology of these fungi has been reached (Kubicek et al., 2011; Martinez et al., 2008; Schmoll, 2008).This chapter reviews the knowledge of these issues generated in recent years. They are the mitotic states of meiotic groups such as the basidiomycetes and especially the ascomycetes, or have evolved from them. Interestingly, however, Rand (1992a) showed that recruitment of this pathogen into L. ferruginea on the Nova Scotian shelf is synchronized seasonally and possibly related to warming of water temperatures in the spring. FIGURE 6.3. 1996; Kullnig-Gradinger et al.
[3] This means that all legitimate names proposed for a species, regardless of what stage they are typified by, can serve as the correct name for that species. However, many fungi reproduce only asexually, and cannot easily be classified based on sexual characteristics; some produce both asexual and sexual states. As pathogens, some taxa cause primary infections, whereas others are opportunistic, secondary invaders of host animals under stress of primary infection by other organisms (Alderman 1981, 1982; Miller and Flemming 1983; Rand et al.